Political Science Essay Example for Free

Political Science Essay 1) Who is Oedipus? Jocasta? Laius? Theseus? Answer: Oedipus is the son of Laius and Jocasta there was prophet that he was going to kill his father and wed his mother. Laius is the king of Thebes and Oedipus’ father who was killed as a fulfillment on an oracle. Theseus is the king of Athens who takes Oedipus in and protects him after he has suffered greatly. 2) In the play Oedipus Rex, what is the relationship between truth, freedom, identity, and responsibility? Answer: Fate is inescapable. Oedipus learning the truth is him learning his identity and with freedom comes responsibility. 3) What is pollution? OR, why must Oedipus assume responsibility for things he did not know? Answer: Pollution is that for which Oedipus is responsible for. There are consequences for his actions and he must accept them. 4) What does it mean to say that freedom is recognition of necessity? Answer: It means we are never absolutely free. There is always a restraint. 5) In the final analysis, what advice about freedom, fate and the gods is Sophocles giving in Oedipus Rex? Answer: Strive for excellence in a world of constraints, rebel and accept the Gods, bravely acceptthe consequences of one’s actions, and do all of this in reverence and humility. 6) What does it mean to defend freedom on the basis of natural rights? Answer: Natural rights are rights that no person can give us. We have them because we arehuman.To say this is defending it. – Normative way of thinking 7) What does it mean to defend freedom on the basis of utility? Answer: Freedom as a utility are rights that defend the right on grounds of the city rather than ofthe Gods. 8) According to Adrienne Rich, what does a woman need to know to be free? Answer: She needs to know her own history, analysis of her own condition, her politicized female body, and creative genius of women in the past. 9) Whose freedom is Sojourner Truth advocating? Answer: Sojourner Truth is advocating the freedom of African Americans, free slaves, and women 10) According to John Stuart Mill, what is the greatest danger to freedom in a democratic society? Answer: The greatest danger to freedom in a democratic society is social tyranny (public opinion) because it penetrates so deeply into one’s soul that there is no alternative. It feathers the development of individuality (the notion of an autonomous and rationality of the individual). 11) According to Mill, what is the domain of consciousness, or those freedoms that are most precious? Answer: Conscious, Thought/Feeling, Opinion/Sentiment, Expression, Tastes Pursuits, Unite/Assembly 12) According to Mill, what utility does freedom have for the pursuit of truth? Answer: Partial truths may have some truth, but even truth must be combatted, questioned or it isnothing but prejudice or dogma. 13) According to Mill, what utility does freedom have for the development of individuality? Answer: The individual needs freedom for observation, needs freedom of reason and judgment, freedom to gather information, freedom to discriminate/to decide, and freedom and courage to hold firm to our tastes. 14) According to Mill, what utility does freedom have for the development of a progressive society? Answer: Societies that are possessive of innovation sustain truths and tradition and avoid mediocrity. 15) How does Sophocles portray Oedipus and the issue of guilt/innocence in Oedipus at Colonus? Answer: Oedipus is a stranger in need, he declares his innocence, and Thesesus and Athens offer him gifts. 16) What does Theseus offer to Oedipus in Oedipus at Colonus? Why? Answer: Theseus greets Oedipus with respect and empathy. He asks Oedipus what does he need and offers him hospitality and protection from Creon, Creon’s army, and Polynices. He gives him citizenship and grace. Theseus gives him gifts given by Athens because Theseus was once to in exile. 17) What is the function/importance of a language of the good? Answer: It teaches us what human beings need to achieve their potential. 18) What is Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? How does it compare to Aristotle’s theory of the goods of life? Answer: It is a pyramid showing the balanced goods or â€Å"diet† a human being needs to be happy like self-actualization, belongingness, esteem, safety, and physiological. How it compares idk. 19) Who is Pericles and what are the main principles of his funeral oration? Answer: Pericles is general and orator in Athens. The main principles of his funeral oration are city of freedom, city of empire, and citizenship. 20) What does Pericles have to say about citizenship? Answer: Citizenship requires excellence, public service, reverence for the city (patriotism), respect for authorities and law, military training, beauty, and willingness to die for the city. 21) What is Socrates’ vocation? Answer: He literally disapproves of the oracle which says he is the wisest man. 22) What are the formal charges against Socrates? Answer: The formal charges against Socrates are public opinion. 23) What are the informal charges against Socrates? Answer: He studies things that are above the sky and are below the earth. He makes strong arguments weak and weak arguments strong. He does not believe in the Gods of the city, but one new God. 24) What is Socratic ignorance? Answer: A certain type of wisdom is a certain type of ignorance. You don’t say what you don’t know. 25) What is Socrates’ daimon? Answer: The daimon is the inner God that speaks to him. It is a voice of subjectivity, consciousness, and rational insight. (picture a little angel on one shoulder and a devil on the other trying to tell you what you should do) 26) What is the relationship, in Socrates, of philosophy, death and the heroic tradition? Answer: Socrates does not fear death. He sees it as his characters (an eternal sleep or rejoining with loved one). The soul of one is not at stake. The soul of many is. 27) What does Socrates mean by caring for the soul? Answer: Caring for the soul means avoid injustice, ruthless intellectual honesty, engage in self-examination, and sustain moral energy. 28) What are the characteristics of Socrates’ theory of citizenship? Answer: The characteristics are caring for the soul, moral skepticism/dissent, a strong sense of moral individualism, all of this occurs in socratic ignorance, heroic citizenship (a citizen that does not fear death), and love of the city.

Training Program Executive Summary Management Essay

Training Program Executive Summary Management Essay The Leadership Training program for z-Vision Incorporated is describes the process of the training program being design and how the training officer planned for it. This training program considers the impacts of business process changes for the eyewear industry and z-Vision Incorporated employees and provides a framework to equip and prepare end-users with the skills and knowledge necessary to perform efficiently in their respective to-be roles in the new business environment resulting from the implementation of this training program. Employees to be Train This Leadership Training program is designed for all the store managers. Objectives for the Training The main objective for the training program being designed is to ensure each store managers can be able to conduct training of staff in their respective store. In the mean time, its also to enhance their knowledge and skills in daily management for their respective store. Budget for the Training The total budget for the three days leadership training program is $ 36,000. In terms that each day of training need $12,000. Learning Evaluation Approach Once the training program has finished there will be a learning assessment will be conduct to the trainees and trainers to overview the training result. The evaluation results will be analyzed to determine if adjustments need to be made in the training approach and/or materials in order to maximize the learning environment for trainees. Table of Content 1.0 Introduction This report is written to provide suggestion for training officer at z-Vision Incorporated. And it is prepare a comprehensive Report to the management on the importance of training and proposed Training Plan for z-Vision Incorporated store managers. This training is intended to ensure each Store Manager has the knowledge of and basic skills to conduct training of staff in their respective store. It will include the importance of Training analysis, Conduct of Training Needs Analysis Planning of Training, Conduct of Training Needs Analysis Planning of Training, Program Budgeting analysis, Design and Development analysis, Delivery of Training, and Assessment of Learning Outcomes. 2.0 Importance of Training 2.1 Definition of Training Training can be best understood as planned, structured, and often formalized learning experiences that seek to develop specific skills and knowledge needed for effective job performance. Historically employees have learnt many of the competencies they need to perform effectively by be trained. (Author: Jannifer Gregory Encouraging Organizational Learning through Pay after a Corporate Downsizing) 2.2 Importance of Training If Z-Vision Incorporate consider its Z-Vision Incorporate store managers to be human assets, training and development represents an ongoing investment in these assets and one of the most significant Z-Vision Incorporate can make. Training involves Z-Vision Incorporate store managers acquiring knowledge and learning skills that they will be able to use immediately; Z-Vision Incorporate store managers development involves learning that will aid the Z-Vision Incorporate and Z-Vision Incorporate store managers later in the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers career. Many organizations use the term learning rather than training to emphasize the point that the activities engaged in as part of this developmental process are broad-based and involve much more than straightforward acquisition of manual or technical skills. (Author(s): Ajay M. Pangarkar, Teresa Kirkwood Strategic alignment: linking your learning strategy to the balanced scorecard) Optimum Utilization of Human Resources -Z-Vision Incorporate Training and Development helps in optimizing the utilization of human resource that further helps the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers to achieve the organizational goals as well as their individual goals. Development of Human Resources -Z-Vision Incorporate Training and Development helps to provide an opportunity and broad structure for the development of human resources technical and behavioral skills in an organization. It also helps the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers in attaining personal growth.( Human resources development, employment and globalization in the hotel, catering and tourism sector.) Development of skills of employees Training and Development helps in increasing the job knowledge and skills of Z-Vision Incorporate store managers at each level. It helps to expand the horizons of human intellect and an overall personality of the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers. (Aliance Traning and Consulting. INC ) Productivity Training and Development helps in increasing the productivity of the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers that helps Z-Vision Incorporate further to achieve its long-term goal. Team spirit Training and Development helps in inculcating the sense of team work, team spirit, and inter-team collaborations. It helps in inculcating the zeal to learn within the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers.( Team Spirit Leadership Training http://www.showmeteamspirit.com/) Organization Culture Training and Development helps to develop and improve the Z-Vision Incorporate store health culture and effectiveness. It helps in creating the learning culture within the Z-Vision Incorporate. (Asim Khan, CEO Business Management Group, Inc Matching People with Organizational Culture) Organization Climate Training and Development helps building the positive perception and feeling about the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers. The Z-Vision Incorporate store managers get these feelings from leaders, subordinates, and peers. Quality Training and Development helps in improving upon the quality of work and work-life. Healthy work environment Training and Development helps in creating the healthy working environment. It helps to build good employee, relationship so that individual goals aligns with organizational goal.( Ron prewitt Signs of a healthy work Environment) Health and Safety Training and Development helps in improving the health and safety of the organization thus preventing obsolescence. Morale Training and Development helps in improving the morale of the work force. Image Training and Development helps in creating a better corporate image. Profitability Training and Development leads to improved profitability and more positive attitudes towards profit orientation. Training and Development aids in organizational development i.e. Organization gets more effective decision making and problem solving. It helps in understanding and carrying out organization policies Training and Development helps in developing leadership skills, motivation, loyalty, better attitudes, and other aspects that successful workers and managers usually display. 3.0 Conduct of Training needs Analysis Planning of Training A Training Needs Analysis (TNA) is used to assess an organizations training needs. The root of the TNA is the gap analysis. This is an assessment of the gap between the knowledge, skills and attitudes that the people in the organization currently possess and the knowledge, skills and attitudes that they require to meet the organizations objectives. The training needs assessment is best conducted up front, before training solutions are budgeted, designed and delivered. The output of the needs analysis will be a document that specifies why, what, who, when, where and how. (Author: Arman E. Manlalangit Training Needs Analysis) The training plan is for the store manager. They need to study leadership skills. Such as: knowing and using the resources of the group, Communication, Controlling group performance, take Ownership and Responsibility and so on. The six Es of training-why Z-Vision Incorporate train Z-Vision Incorporate store managers Engage Effective training provides the opportunity for Z-Vision Incorporate store managers to connect with the Z-Vision Incorporate, and its policies and methods of working. It helps to ensure that Z-Vision Incorporate store managers buy into, or engage with, Z-Vision Incorporates culture. It helps to make Z-Vision Incorporate store managers feel valued and develop working relationships with their colleagues. Educate Training can help to educate or increase the knowledge and awareness of individuals and terms. Enhance Training can help to enhance or improve the skills and competence of individuals and terms within an organization Empower By properly training employees, an organization can increase the accountability of teams and individuals, and can ensure that faster, better quality decisions can be made, while avoiding the need to pass decision making unnecessarily up to the organizational chain. Energize Participation in training can help to energize, motivate and inspire Z-Vision Incorporate store managers. It provides an opportunity. To take a step back and allows people to consider how they can best contribute towards the effectiveness of the Z-Vision Incorporate. Enlighten Training can also be an effective means of helping Z-Vision Incorporate store managers to see things in a different way. It can help Z-Vision Incorporate store managers reach an often sudden conclusion that there is a better, more effective way doing something and can help to unlock previously untapped potential (Anthony Henry Understanding strategic management) 4.0 Developing program and Learning Objectives 4.1 Developing program In order to prepare a comprehensive report to management on the importance of training and proposed training plan for Z-vision incorporated store managers. Here make the plan of training for the store manager is the leadership training for the store manager. The leadership training will take three working days. Leadership Training for the store manager (activities schedule) Date Time Activity 20 May 2010 10.00-12.00 am Communication skill 2.00-5.00 pm Coaching and Development 21 May 2010 9.00-11.00 am Decision Making Practice 11.00-1.00 pm Teamwork Building 2.00- 4.00 pm Sales Marketing 22 May 2010 9.00-11.30 am Vision/strategy skill 1.00-3.00 pm Planning * Refer to Appendix 2 for Details 4.2 The key of Learning Objectives Training involves some kind of change for Z-vision incorporated store managers: changes in how they do their jobs, how they relate to others, the conditions under which they perform, or change in their job responsibilities. ( Ford,D.JBenchmarking HRD Training Development, Vol.47,No.6(1993):36-41) Z-vision incorporated can benefit from training, beyond bottom line and general efficiency and profitability, when they create more flexible workers who can assume varied responsibilities and have a more holistic understanding of what the Z-vision incorporated does and the role they play in the Z-vision Incorporateds success.( Broadwell, M .M how to train experienced supervisors Training, Vol. 30, no 5(1993)) Z-vision incorporated that take a strategic approach to human resources can find that Z-vision incorporated store managers training can be much more efficacious as part of an integrated approach to HR. For example: training and development are greatly assisted by having appropriate and well-thought-out staffing strategies. (Andersen companies, Training Development, Vol 47, No.1 (1993); 30- 35) 5.0 Program Budgeting, Design and Development 5.1 Training Design Training design involves adapting the learning environment to maximize learning. Training design issues include the conditions of practice that influence learning and the factors that impact retention of what is learned. Recall Gagnes (1987) arguments there is no substitute for conducting a thorough task analysis and clearly specifying what is to be learned. As the training officer for z-Vision Incorporated I decided to use spaced practice sessions to enhance the effectiveness for training program. In general, information and skills can be learned either way, but spaced practice sessions with a reasonable rest period between them lead to better performance and longer retention of what is learned than a massed practice session. Although using spaced practice sessions may increase time and resources but series of spaced practice training would be more effective. 5.1.1 Selecting the Trainer Since now the organization has made the decision to design our own training program, and purchase the attitudes training program, the trainer must be selected. There are three trainers included two internal training officers and one trainer from the outsourced training centre. Organization training officer will conduct the teaming program which included knowledge and skills session for the trainees. On the other hand the trainer from the outsourced training centre will deliver the attitudes talk for the trainees. 5.1.2 Selecting Training Methods Up to this point the organization have coming out with the preliminary steps involved in the design and implementation for the training program. Our next step is to select the appropriate training methods. On the Job Training Method is the most suitable method for the program as this method can absolutely improve the trainees work performance and can enhance their knowledge in order for them to train their subordinates. 5.1.3 Training Budget Training Budget Organization: z-Vision Incorporated Year: 2010 Department: Human Resource Submitted by: HR Training Officer Annual training allotment: $200,000 Day 1 Budget: $12,000 Day 3 Budget: $12,000 Total Budget: $36,000 Day 2 Budget: $12,000 * Refer to Appendix 3 for Details. Based on the annual training allotment from the Board of Directors. The training officer has planned the training budget well in order to minimize the cost but can maximize the training result. The training budget is designed based on the needs of the training activities, trainer fees, rental for venue and some other expenses. 6.0 Training delivery methods Training delivery methods consist of the techniques and materials used by trainers to structure learning experiences. Different training delivery methods are better or worse at achieving various learning objectives. During the design phase the different methods are examined to determine their appropriateness for the learning objectives. Once appropriate methods have been identified, they are applied to the training plan in the development phase. There are three categories of learning objectives: knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs). Knowledge objectives are of three types: declarative, procedural, and strategic. Declarative knowledge is the persons store of factual information. Procedural knowledge is the persons understanding about how and when to apply the facts. Strategic knowledge is used for planning, monitoring, and revising goal-directed activity. Skill reflects ones proficiency at specific tasks such as operating a piece of equipment, giving a presentation, or making a business decision. Attitudes are beliefs and/or opinions about objects and events and the positive or negative affect (feelings) associated with them. Attitudes affect motivation levels, which in turn influence a persons behavior. Most training programs have learning objectives for knowledge, skill, and attitudes; these programs need to combine in house training method and public training method into an integrated whole because no single method can do everything well. (source: www.school-for-champions.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º Training) 7.0 Evaluation of Learning Outcomes Training evaluation is the process of connecting results to objectives from a training program. The criteria to determine this training program success or failure is based on the performance of the trainees, the conditions under which they must do it and the evaluation from the trainers and feedback from trainees after the training session. The evaluation results will be analyzed to determine if adjustments need to be made in the training approach and/or materials in order to maximize the learning environment for trainees. It is also recommended that knowledge retention be measured at three months, six months, and one year after implementation. Reference Jennifer Gregory Encouraging Organizational Learning through Pay after a Corporate Downsizing Ajay M. Pangarkar, Teresa Kirkwood Strategic alignment: linking your learning strategy to the balanced scorecard Arman E. Manlalangit Training Needs Analysis Henry Understanding strategic management Ford,D.JBenchmarking HRD Training Development, Vol.47,No.6(1993):36-41 Broadwell, M .M how to train experienced supervisors Training, Vol. 30, no 5(1993) Andersen companies, Training Development, Vol 47, No.1 (1993); 30- 35 Human resources development, employment and globalization in the hotel, catering and tourism sector.( Report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting on the Human Resources Development, Employment and Globalization in the Hotel, Catering and Tourism Sector Geneva, 2001) Team Spirit Leadership Training http://www.showmeteamspirit.com/, Online. Accessed march 31, 2010 Asim Khan, CEO Business Management Group, Inc Matching People with Organizational Culture Ron prewitt Signs of a healthy work Environment Aliance Traning and Consulting. INC http://www.alliancetac.com/index.html?PAGE_ID=2449, Online. Accessed April 5, 2010 www.school-for-champions.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º Training, Online. Accessed April 5, 2010 http://traininganddevelopment.naukrihub.com/methods-of-training/on-the-job-training/index.html, Online. Accessed April 10, 2010 http://www.humanresources.hrvinet.com/job-training-methods , Online. Accessed April 10, 2010 http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Oli-Per/On-the-Job-Training.html, Online. Accessed April 10, 2010 R.F.Mager(1997). Preparing instructional objectives 3rd edition www. road.uww.edu/road/wernerj/428%20-%20Training%20%20Development/Chapter%2004%20slides%204e.ppt training hrd process model, Online. Accessed April 10, 2010 http://www.haiweb.org/medicineprices/manual/medpricesAttachements/excercises/SampleTrainingEvalForm.doc, Accessed April 10, 2010 Appendix Appendix 1 Source: www. road.uww.edu/road/wernerj/428%20-%20Training%20%20Development/Chapter%2004%20slides%204e.ppt training hrd process model Appendix 2 Training Program Schedule 20 May 2010 22 May 2010 Program Title: z-Vision Leadership Training Objectives of this program: To enhance store managers management skills. To ensure each store manager be able to conduct training of staff in their respective store. Environment: In house training and train at outsourced training centre Trainers: Organization training officer outsourced training consultant Trainees: Store Managers from all stores. Date Time Activity 20 May 2010 10.00-12.00 am Communication skill 2.00-5.00 pm Coaching and Development 21 May 2010 9.00-11.00 am Decision Making Practice 11.00-1.00 pm Teamwork Building 2.00- 4.00 pm Sales Marketing 22 May 2010 9.00-11.30 am Vision Strategy Skill 1.00-3.00 pm Planning Appendix 3 Training Budget Organization: z-Vision Incorporated Year: 2010 Department: Human Resource Submitted by: HR Training Officer Annual training allotment: $200,000 Day 1 Budget: $12,000 Day 3 Budget: $12,000 Total Budget: $36,000 Day 2 Budget: $12,000 3 Days Training Budget Line Item Description/Justification Qty. Unit Cost/Rate Total 1 Courseware development 0 2 Courseware purchase Purchase training course from training centre 1 $4,000 4,000 3 Certification 0 4 Train-the-trainer 0 5 Hardware purchase 0 6 Facility rental Medium Hotel Meeting Room 22,000 7 Instructional materials 0 8 Technical equipment 0 9 Consulting fees Advice from consultation company 2,000 10 Instructor fees Fees Allowance for internal and external trainers 3,000 11 Content acquisition 0 12 Travel Travel Allowance 2,500 13 Lunch Tea Food Beverages 2,500 14 0 15 0 Grand Total $36,000

Criminal Technology Past To Future Criminology Essay

Criminal Technology Past To Future Criminology Essay Technology continues to change at a rapid pace after one type of technology is released another usually follows suit to compliment the first or to replace it. The same is true with policing styles as the eras changed the technology changed and shaped how officers handle situations. With so much technology out there it makes you wonder what could possibly be left. The truth is technology will never cease to change, just as policing styles will have to change to adapt. INTRODUCTION Over the years and through several eras policing has changed, along with the change of policing styles came the formation and implementation of technology that helped them along the way. From the political era to the more modern day community policing era was found recently to be lacking in products that were already being marketed. By the time we caught up we realized a little to late that these items we use now could have been in place and were available 30 to 40 years earlier. How did we first start with technology, when did we finally catch up and what are our best advances so far and what yet do we see coming ? I will explore this in the paper as we take shortcuts through past eras; their technological uses and advance through each era to post modern day technology, the benefits these contribute and what they got under wraps for our next step into technological advances in policing. Eras Policing, as we know it today has developed from various political, economic, and social forces. To better understand the role of police in society, one has to know the history of how policing became what it is today.    Policing has been categorized into three basic eras, which include the Political Era, Reform Era, and lastly the Community Problem-Solving Era that is the present form of policing. Political Era Policing style was quasi military consisting of a decentralized command structure resulting in control over precincts by ward leaders. An assigned officer was always closely tied to the neighborhood, slowness of communications and transportation limited officers contact with central command. Citizens were able to bring complaints to the officers that could be dealt with it on the spot as officers patrolled on foot. Based on their discretion these officers dealt with problem in accordance of the values and norms of the neighborhood of which they were in. During this time most officers came armed with the technology of a gun and a nightstick. Today these are still the first weapons of choice when called upon to use force. Telegraphs and telephones as well as police call boxes were the new jump in communications technology during this era. While the start of investigations with the Bertillon system for criminal Identification and fingerprinting crime scenes also became used. Reform Era The Reform Era brought about concerns of political influencing on policing. People worked to eliminate the involvement of politics to making policing more professional. With these changes more advances in technology were also implemented. Transportation and communication put police where they could receive calls from a central location and dispatch officers as well to respond more quickly over a widespread location. Police started decreasing the public aid to focus on combating crime. Police were hired based on qualifications not affiliations, the reform wanted police with detachment and a greater commitment to training. Reform policing had three key operational parts; foot patrol was replaced by cars equipped with the two-way radios as cars were being used to commit crimes. The availability of cars also meant more ground could be covered. Motorized police patrol was becoming a method of crime control. Rapid Response was important in three ways the first was you have a better chance at catching a criminal if you can reach the scene quickly, better chance of clearing the case if the criminal is caught. Most importantly the time in which it took to respond to a call was being judged because rapid response had become possible and the community not only required but also expected it. Investigations became a huge part of policing as these technologies were advancing. Policing was becoming more professional as their social services programs declined. Police started using new scientific techniques to follow up criminal investigations as they offered officers better incentives. Many technologies formed in this era were the foundation for much of what is used today. The only thing that has really changed is the way the techniques are applied. The use of directed and targeted patrol has increased; prioritizing calls in an effort to get to more important calls first and case screening to avoid wasting time on cases that were likely not going to be solved. These refinements to the techniques of this era are known as strategic policing. Community Era The Community Policing Era was brought on from The Professional Eras. There was also wide spread concern about the effectiveness and limitations of policing and their behavior due to officers frustrations with battling the same crime over and over (Uknown). In the 1960s the presidents commission on criminal justice is the main foundation in many of today changes found in law enforcement. The crime rate in the 60s had a dramatic increase, thus the government decided it was time to investigate the way the criminal justice system was run and how it could be made better. Cultural diversity and many different changes in the social structures of communities caused traditional policing to be less effective than before. System visionaries and police executives saw the failing system and started working on a plan to make it better. The 1970s new program safe and clean neighborhoods was formed it was intended to improve living conditions. Money was provided to take policemen of their cars and place them on foot patrol. This new program made calls to crimes more difficult, response slower, the work harder. Even though crime rates were not reduced it made citizens feel more at ease as it reduced their fears in these areas (H.Verschaeve, 2004). Within this era to present times new technologies came to surface due to the fact the presidents crime commission found a technology gap. Today this technology plays a huge role in how policing is mandated. Commissioners called for the introduction and establishment of a single telephone number to call the police, with this came the launch of 911 the one number for police and fire departments. Not long after came the computerization age being brought into policing these computer were used to not only for record keeping but also found useful for criminal investigations, crime analysis and budgeting. The most important computer based program after computers introduction of the National Crime Information Center (NCIC), inside the NCIC everything was stored and index from fugitives, missing persons and stolen property. This was practically the first technology used by police for computers during this time. The Automated Fingerprinting Information System (AFIS) was the next essential development in policing efforts; it had a grave disadvantage as other states did not have access to that information. Soon came patrol cars came equipped with their own computers with reporting systems and auto fingerprinting systems. As obstacles were seen during this time they worked to overcome the obstacle of incompatible technologies (Seaskate, 1998) Impact Technology had on Policing Technology has had an impact of making high quality information quickly available. With the capability of being able to collect information they are able to analyze and share data with stakeholders not only inside but also outside of government. Earliest applications included traffic accident files established in 1960s, since then programs for statistics operations and management program planning went underway. The machine that is so complex tool that it helps makes decisions for strategic planning and man to machine interactions. The success of these computers have been favorable. Users routine data processing is so highly structures it has proven to be rather effective and the implementation can be made with ease. However impact of the computer will vary from one department to the next making it difficult to generalize. It is perceivable that the impacts of a different nature are contemplated in structural changes, as direct major organizational shifts are not expected. For example it is perceived that use of computers will continue to result and has resulted in power shifts generally speaking raises in one persons decision making at the expense of another. Trends of this nature that seem to be occurring for example a shift in work activities related to routine and recording tasks, one of the biggest fears of technology is people being replaced by machines. When actually introduction of the computers increased jobs they needed people to carry out the computers data processing work (Colton, 1973). Current Advancements in Technology One of these would be the advancement of DNA evidence DNA can identify criminals with 99.9% accuracy information when biological evidence exists. There are DNA databases where samples of DNA are stored when someone has been convicted of a charge where DNA was involved. This system, called the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), maintains DNA profiles obtained under the federal, state, and local systems in a set of databases that are available to law enforcement agencies across the country for law enforcement purposes and came into existence in the late 1980s. In order to take advantage of the investigative potential of CODIS, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, states began passing laws requiring offenders convicted of certain offenses to provide DNA samples.   Currently all 50 states and the federal government have laws requiring that DNA samples be collected from some categories of offenders The benefits of this advancement is DNA Is so accurate it can ensue a fairness in the criminal justice it so accurate it can exonerate persons previously charged with a crime they did not commit due to negative matches in DNA (Using DNA to Solve Crimes, 2003). Another advancement in technology is Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) its a surveillance method used for several reasons from electronic tolls to traffic enforcement. The benefits are that it can be used through existing closed circuit television or road rule enforcement cameras and can read licenses plates on vehicles traveling up to 100 mph. The other benefits is that the pictures the camera takes is stored some are configured to even photograph the driver. It is able to take picture anytime of the day by using infrared lighting (Unknown, 2010). Future Roles of Technology Honestly the future of technology is surveillance equipment, what the military and government officials have coming out right now is absolutely astounding but the cross the border of privacy rights. The newest technology I see being implemented is TWS otherwise known as Through the Wall Surveillance, which is so advanced it can detect any slight movement such as breathing through a solid wall. As technology advances new ideas are always forming there are micro chips that can be implanted in people as well as sunglasses that have chips that will scan people as they walk by and will tell you their names and maybe a few lines about them. Other technologies already in effect but not yet widely used is facial recognition. The new biometric technology could be become a mainstream of the technological world but when does it cross the line of privacy? (Unknown, Modern Marvels: Survelliance Technology, 2004) CONCLUSION So you see as each era has gone by not only have the policing changed but also technology changed as well to suit its style. Even though some could have been implemented as early as 30 to 40 years earlier there must have been a reason it was not yet put into place. Even now there are things we can use that are not in place maybe because we are not capable of off setting the expenses, or there is concerns of availability and crossing the lines of privacy. With this new technology unfolding and just on the horizon it makes me also wonder if the policing style will change with it.

Mysticism in A Passage to India Essay -- Passage to India Essays

Mysticism in Forester's A Passage to India      Ã‚  Ã‚   The figure of Mrs. Moore, and the problem of what happened to her in the extraordinary Marabar Caves, has fascinated critics for decades. The question has absorbed attention to a degree that does not correspond to the secondary role that Mrs. Moore plays in the plot of A Passage to India. On the surface, she is a supporting character, yet many of the unresolved issues of the novel seem to be concentrated in her experience. Mrs. Moore arrives in India a sympathetic figure, and departs unresponsive and uncaring, transformed beyond recognition by the mysterious voice of the Marabar. The deliberately unexplained matter of what spoke to her in the cave has intrigued virtually every scholar who has written on this novel, each coming up with his or her own interpretation of the event. Some have claimed that an evil, ancient force dwelt in the caves, while others suggest that Mrs. Moore achieved a life-altering Hindu insight. There is indeed substantial indication that Mrs. Moor e achieved the primary goal of certain branches of Hinduism, melding the Atman and Brahman (Self and not-Self) into one indivisible entity, and therefore recognizing the single, pervasive force that underlies everything. However, no transcendence seems to result from this recognition, as Mrs. Moore is destroyed rather than uplifted by her vision.    Although her experience deceptively contains elements of a Hindu insight, I believe that she ultimately encountered a perverted, sinister, and finally hollow version of Hinduism. The truly beautiful complexity of the philosophy/religion is reduced by the unrelenting echo of the cave. It becomes something devoid of depth and meaning, and particularly devoid ... ...rews, 178.    WORKS CITED Bradbury, Malcolm, ed. E.M. Forester: A Passage to India. London: Macmillan, 1970. Clarke, Peter B., ed. The World's Religions: Understanding the Living Faiths. London: Reader's Digest, 1993. Crews, Frederick C. "A Passage to India." Bradbury, 165-85. Deussen, Paul. The Philosophy of the Upanishads. Trans. Rev. A.S. Geden. New York: Dover, 1966. Forester, E.M. A Passage to India. Ed. Oliver Stallybrass. London: Penguin, 1979. Kermode, Frank. "The One and Orderly Product." Bradbury, 216-23. Moody, Phillipa. A Critical Commentary on E.M.Forester's 'A Passage to India'. London: Macmillan, 1968. White, Gertrude M. "A Passage to India: Analysis and Revaluation." Bradbury, 132-53. Zimmer, Heinrich. Philosophies of India. Bollingen Series XXVI. Ed. Joseph Campbell. New Jersey: Princeton UP, 1969.

Use of Diction and Imagery in Richard Wright’s Black Boy Essay

Use of Diction and Imagery in Richard Wright’s Black Boy Black Boy, which was written by Richard Wright, is an autobiography of his upbringing and of all of the trouble he encountered while growing up. Black Boy is full of drama that will sometimes make the reader laugh and other times make the reader cry. Black Boy is most known for its appeals to emotions, which will keep the reader on the edge of his/her seat. In Black Boy Richard talks about his social acceptance and identity and how it affected him. In Black Boy, Richard’s diction showed his social acceptance and his imagery showed his identity. First, the diction that Richard Wright uses in this passage of him in the library shows his social acceptance. An example of this is when Mr. Faulk, the librarian, lets Richard borrow his library card to check out books from the library. Richard writes, a note saying, â€Å"Dear Madam; Will you please let this nigger boy have some books by H.L Mencken. † Richard uses, â€Å"nigger boy,† on the card so the other librarian would think that Mr. Faulk had written the note, not him. Richard having to write the word â€Å"nigger† on the library shows that if Richard would have written â€Å"black boy† instead, the librarian would have known he would have written the note. The fact that Richard has to lie and write a note to just be able to get the books from the library is an example of his social acceptance. Another example of diction showing Richard’s social acceptance is when Mr. Faulk gives Richard the library card and he tells Richard not to mention this to any other â€Å"white man.† By reading this statement by Mr. Faulk, it clearly shows how unaccepted blacks were and how afraid people were to be connected to them, even if it only involved giving the... ...mple of imagery is when Richard’s friends run up to him with his article in their hands and a baffled look on their faces. This shows that Richard is a very talented writer for his age and that Richard is a very ambitious person because his school never taught him to write the way he does. This also shows that Richard took it upon himself to become a talented author and wants to be a writer when he grows up. In conclusion, an author’s writing can tell a lot about himself. The writer will tell the reader something about themselves, either through diction, syntax or by other methods. In Black Boy, Richard writes in a way that allows the reader to learn information about his life. Learning about the author through his/her writing is the best way to learn about them because this way you get to learn what author thinks about the topics that he/she are talking about.

Film techniques Essay

Human kind has always displayed a desire, within their literature, to engross themselves on a journey of self reflection. However often these journeys can also be negatively forced upon a character. Skrzynecki, in his text ‘Immigrants at central station’ explores how forced journeys have dehumanised and isolated his family on their journey of migration. However, in ’10 Mary street’ Skrzynecki focuses on positive outcomes of journeys that him and his family have taken on their own. Furthermore ‘Girl, interrupted’, the 1999 movie directed by James Mangold, Outlines the segregation and inequality of forced journeys whilst also looking at journeys with positive outcomes of self enlightenment that were chosen to be taken. People who are forced upon a journey may feel isolated and disempowered. Skrzynecki explores this in ‘immigrants at central station’ through detailing the apprehension felt by migrants whilst waiting for a train in central station, Sydney. In the first line of the poem â€Å"it was sad to hear† Skrzynecki has already established a sombre using the highly descriptive word ‘sad’. Similarly in the line ‘a dampness that slowly sank into our thoughts’ He continues this negativity through the sensual imagery of ‘dampness’ and the depressive symbolism of ‘sank into our thoughts’. Skrzynecki also uses the simile ‘like cattle bought for slaughter’ to link to the negativity shown in stanza 1, he also creates a sense of entrapment, dehumanising the migrants and reducing them to livestock. Skrzynecki uses repetition of the first line with the introduction of a conjunction at the beginning ‘but it was sad to hear’. Doing so allows him to refer back to the first stanza and stress the sombre tone while the conjunction allows Skrzynecki to juxtapose the poem against the last two paragraphs bringing the audience’s attention to the suddenness of the arrival of the train. Paragraph 2 (negative) yet to be analysed Alternatively people can immerse themselves on journeys of self-reflection and self discovery, leading to a sense of empowerment and happiness. Skrzynecki in ‘10 Mary Street’ details a positive outcome of a chosen journey through the story of his family in their home on Mary Street. The line ‘My parents watered plants†¦ like adopted children’ uses accumulation to display the journey that the parents have taken to lovingly care for their plants

The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920’s

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was notorious for their hatred towards African Americans and their proclamation of white supremacy. They were known as the invisible empire and for their symbols of intimidation, which included white cloaks with hoods, and burning crosses. The KKK was depicted as an organization which was mostly active in the southern Confederate states and targeted African Americans. It originally died out in the late 1860s, but The Klan rose again in the 1920's because of the motion picture Birth of a Nation, new immigrants arriving to America, and hatred towards African-Americans .Birth of a Nation was a silent film that premiered in 1925 that was directed by D. W. Griffith. Griffith went to Johns Hopkins University where he met Woodrow Wilson and became good friends. Wilson was a supporter of the Klan. One of the slides in Birth of a Nation has a quote by Wilson that said,†The white men were roused by a mere instinct of self-preservation †¦ until at last there ha d sprung into existence a great Ku Klux Klan, a veritable empire of the South, to protect the Southern country. Dixon's was a legislator, baptist preacher, lecturer, novelist,playwright, and an actor. The movie is based on the 1905 book The Clansman: An Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan by Thomas Dixon (Chalmer 28). This story revolves around two polar opposite families; the northern Stonemans and the southern Camerons. In this story their sons and daughters fell in love but were split by the civil war stricken states and reconstruction had devastated them.Congressmen Stoneman (was based on radical republican Thaddues Stephens) was represented as a hate-filled villain, urged by his Mulatto mistress to degrade the captured south, and with the recent assassination of â€Å"The Great Soul,† Abraham Lincoln, there was nothing to stop his rage. According to the book the south was ruled by Black tyranny and black corruption ‘stained' the legislative hall. The opposite of Congressmen Stoneman was Ben Cameron, leader of the KKK and a civil war hero of the south.In the end the Klan comes and saves the innocent, avenges the fallen, and reunites the grand lovers (Binder 9:166). D. W. Griffith based the movie on Dixon's book, by re-staging the war battles, Sherman's march to the sea. This gave the impression that the Klan was the ‘savior' of the states and the patriots leading our country with an invisible fist. This inspired many people to be patriotic like the Klan but others wanted to be the Klan again. William J. Simmon was one who had viewed this movie and took it to heart. He thought that it was time to bring The Klan back. Colonel† Simmons plan for the Klan had been revealed in an advertisement in the Atlanta Journal on December 7 1915. It contained blurbs such as, â€Å" The world's greatest secret, social, patriotic, fraternal, and beneficiary order. †This helped make the Klan more popular, but it wasn’t the only reason for the KKK's substantial growth. There are many other things that led to the KKK success that fell into place beautifully. They were allowed to march in parades during World War I in demonstrations of patriotism. After the war the seized the opportunity for power. Binder 9:167) Many problems were caused by a new influx of immigrants across the United States. Race riots sprang up in Chicago, Omaha, Duluth, Springfield, Tulsa, Texas, Arkansas, Kansas, and Florida. The KKK disdained the new southern and eastern European immigrants that were. usually either Roman Catholic, Jews, Slavs, or Bolshevik. But they still hated people who were not white. This helped the KKK spread quickly through anti-Catholic socialist Wisconsin. The Catholics seemed to be real â€Å"threats† to the public schools and the enforcement of prohibition.The Klan actually favored something that may considered correct with there stance against alcohol during prohibition. The Klan went sour from there, when a few white men from Louisiana began criticizing them. These men where tortured and then later hanged by the Klan. This was known as The Mier Rouge Murders (Chalmer 29). The Ku Klux Klan spread to all corners of the United States, and all through the Midwest. William Allen White had experienced this first hand in 1921. He written of his experience and the experience of others.The following is from his letter that he had wrote on September 27, 1921. â€Å"An organizer of the Ku Klux Klan was in Emporia the other day, and the men whom he invited to join his band at $10 per join turned him down. Under the leadership of Dr. J. B. Brickell and following their own judgment after hearing his story, the Emporians told him that they had no time for him. The proposition seems to be: Anti-foreigners Anti-Catholics Anti-Negroes. There are, of course, bad foreigners and good ones, good Catholics and bad ones, and all kinds of Negroes.To make a case against a birthplace, a religion, or a race is wickedly un-american and cowardly. The whole trouble with the Ku Klux Klan is that it is based upon such deep foolishness that it is bound to be a menace to good government in any community,†(qtd Johnson 56). White went on to say how idiotic and self centered the Klan was by being so greedy and racial. He also said no one in Emporia fell into this recruiters clenches and they ran the recruiter out of town. (Johnson 285). The KKK had made there mark in many places.The KKK had control over many different government positions at the time such as in Indiana, Tennessee, Oklahoma, and Oregon to name a few, but in Indiana the Klan was very influential. In 1924, Republican Edward Jackson was elected governor. This made the rest of the state filled with members of the Klan, but this had not lasted long (AP 135-136). 1924 Anaheim, California was taken completely over by the Ku Klux Klan to make it a model of a ‘perfect' city, by taking over the city council, but it was short lived because the voters called for a special recall election.A little bit after this Earle Mayfield of Texas got the U. S Senators seat, this made the Klan very powerful in these regions(Chalmer 34). Klan members in government seats did not stop there. Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed a former Klan member as a Supreme Court Justice. This man was confirmed to be a big supporter of the Klan, this was Hugo Black. Hugo Black was from Alabama where the Ku Klux Klan had been growing rapidly. He joined the invisible empire and became a high ranking officer in the Klan. Later he entered into politics. He was supported by the Klan and prohibitionists alike.At the age of forty he had not been known all that well publicly in politics, but he had surpassed four other prominent candidates and won the Senate nomination in the democratic primary, which essentially assured him of victory. For the next year he campaigned in every County. As senator he had openly acknowledged Klan support and attended man y state wide rallies. When the Klan political power diminished he broke his ties with them in 1930 (Van Deer Ver). In 1937 Franklin Roosevelt was frustrated with the conservative members of the supreme court.His legislation to appoint one member for every justice over the age of seventy had failed after a bitter 168 day fight in congress. That plan would have allowed him to appoint as many as six new justices. Roosevelt was not finished yet, as the struggle created one vacant seat, which he had filled with Hugo Black (Leuchtenburg 1). The Klan during the time of Black's membership was very hateful to non white people, especially blacks. They had thought that their jobs were being snatched up by Black people. They also didn't like them because the Ku Klux Klan viewed anyone who was not white as inferior to them.It had been a hard life for a black person during this time period because of the political power and the number of members in the Ku Klux Klan, they also always used the Afri can Americans of scapegoats to their problems (Drowne 10). The downfall of the second wave Klan happened for a number of reasons but one main reason was the conviction of D. C Stephenson. Stephenson was a long time member of the Klan and became the high rank of Grand Dragon. He was Publicly known to be a strong Prohibitionist. In 1925 he went on trial for the murder of Madge Oberholtzer.He was also responsible for the abduction, forced intoxication, and rape of Ms. Oberholtzer. The court had ruled that He was sentenced to life in prison. This devastated the Klan and sent them on a steep decline of members. (AP 135-137) The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s was very powerful during its prime. It started with Simmons, grew to enormous numbers, but then died out as quickly as it had came. The Ku Klux Klan had rapidly rose because of Griffith's major motion picture Birth of a Nation, the amount of new immigrants arriving to the United States, and the racial tensions between the Klan and African Americans.